VishavGyanMantra : March 2022

Friday, March 25, 2022

THE INDIAN COUNCIL ACTS OF 1861, 1892 AND 1909

British Government wanted to seeking cooperation of Indians. For this, the Government had passed three council act 1861, 1892 and 1909

THE INDIAN COUNCIL ACT 1861

The act provided the representatives of Indians in the Viceroy's Council. The Viceroy of India could now nominate some members in his council. Three nominated members were - the Raja of Banaras, the Maharaja of Patiala and Sir Dinkar Rao.
The Act provided the Legislative powers of Bombay and Madras presidencies.
The Act also provided the establishment of Legislative councils for Bengal, the North West Frontier Province (NWFP) and Punjab in 1862, 1886 and 1897 respectively.
The Act empowered the Viceroy to issue Ordinance during an emergency. The maximum limit of such an ordinance was six months.
The Act was also established High Courts in Calcutta, Bombay and Madras in 1862 under The Indian High Court Act 1861.

ब्रिटिश सरकार भारतीयों का सहयोग लेना चाहती थी। इसके लिए सरकार ने तीन परिषद अधिनियम 1861, 1892 और 1909 पारित किए थे

भारतीय परिषद अधिनियम 1861

इस अधिनियम ने वायसराय की परिषद में भारतीयों के प्रतिनिधियों को प्रदान किया। भारत का वायसराय अब अपनी परिषद में कुछ सदस्यों को मनोनीत कर सकता था। तीन मनोनीत सदस्य थे - बनारस के राजा, पटियाला के महाराजा और सर दिनकर राव।
अधिनियम ने बॉम्बे और मद्रास प्रेसीडेंसी की विधायी शक्तियां प्रदान कीं।
अधिनियम ने क्रमशः 1862, 1886 और 1897 में बंगाल, उत्तर पश्चिम सीमा प्रांत (एनडब्ल्यूएफपी) और पंजाब के लिए विधान परिषदों की स्थापना का भी प्रावधान किया।
इस अधिनियम ने वायसराय को आपातकाल के दौरान अध्यादेश जारी करने का अधिकार दिया। ऐसे अध्यादेश की अधिकतम सीमा छह महीने थी।
अधिनियम 1862 में भारतीय उच्च न्यायालय अधिनियम 1861 के तहत कलकत्ता, बॉम्बे और मद्रास में उच्च न्यायालय भी स्थापित किया गया था।

THE INDIAN COUNCIL ACT 1892

The Act increased additional non-official members in the central and provincial legislative councils.
The Act gave the powers to Non-official members of discussing the budget and asking the questions to the executive.
The Method of Indirect Election was introduced.

भारतीय परिषद अधिनियम 1892

अधिनियम ने केंद्रीय और प्रांतीय विधान परिषदों में अतिरिक्त गैर-सरकारी सदस्यों की वृद्धि की।
अधिनियम ने गैर-सरकारी सदस्यों को बजट पर चर्चा करने और कार्यपालिका से प्रश्न पूछने का अधिकार दिया।
अप्रत्यक्ष चुनाव का तरीका पेश किया गया था।

THE INDIAN COUNCIL ACT 1909

The act is also called Morley Minto Reforms ( Lord Morley was then secretary general and Lord Minto was then the Viceroy of India).
The act increased the members in central legislature council from 16 to 60 and provincial legislative councils members were not uniform.
It held the majority of official members in central legislative council but non-official members in provincial legislative assembly got the majority.
The Act provided the members of Indian with the central executive and provincial executive of governors. Sateyndra Parsad Sinha was the 1st member in the Viceroy's Council.
The Act also provided the communal representatives for Muslims. Now the Muslims members were to be elected by Muslim voters.
Lord Minto is known as the Father of Communal electorate. (Ramsay McDonald is known as the Father of Communal Award).
There was separate representatives of Presidency corporations, chamber of commerce, Universities and zamindars.

भारतीय परिषद अधिनियम 1909

इस अधिनियम को मॉर्ले मिंटो रिफॉर्म्स भी कहा जाता है (लॉर्ड मॉर्ले तब महासचिव थे और लॉर्ड मिंटो उस समय भारत के वायसराय थे)।
इस अधिनियम ने केंद्रीय विधान परिषद में सदस्यों की संख्या 16 से बढ़ाकर 60 कर दी और प्रांतीय विधान परिषदों के सदस्य एक समान नहीं थे।
इसके पास केंद्रीय विधान परिषद में आधिकारिक सदस्यों का बहुमत था लेकिन प्रांतीय विधान सभा में गैर-सरकारी सदस्यों को बहुमत मिला।
इस अधिनियम ने भारतीय सदस्यों को केंद्रीय कार्यकारी और राज्यपालों की प्रांतीय कार्यकारिणी प्रदान की। सत्येंद्र प्रसाद सिन्हा वायसराय की परिषद में पहले सदस्य थे।
इस अधिनियम ने मुसलमानों के लिए सांप्रदायिक प्रतिनिधि भी प्रदान किए। अब मुस्लिम सदस्यों को मुस्लिम मतदाताओं द्वारा चुना जाना था।
लॉर्ड मिंटो को सांप्रदायिक मतदाताओं के पिता के रूप में जाना जाता है। (रामसे मैकडॉनल्ड्स को सांप्रदायिक पुरस्कार के जनक के रूप में जाना जाता है)।
प्रेसीडेंसी निगमों, चैंबर ऑफ कॉमर्स, विश्वविद्यालयों और जमींदारों के अलग-अलग प्रतिनिधि थे।

Tuesday, March 22, 2022

THE INDIAN GOVERNMENT ACT 1858

THE INDIAN GOVERNMENT ACT 1858

The Act was passed after the Revolt of 1857. The Act is also called " the Act of good Government of India"

The Act is ended the all powers of East India Company and all the powers were transferred to the British Crown.

The Proclamation of transfer of powers to the British Crown was read by Lord Canning at Allahabad.

Important Features of the GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT 1858

The act had abolished 'Doctrine of Lapse'. Now the British would not interfered in the internal matters of the Princely states.
The Governor General of India became the Viceroy of India. Lord Canning was the 1st Viceroy of India.
The viceroy was responsible to British Crown.
A new post of secretary of the state was constituted. He was the member of British Cabinet. He is responsible to British Parliament. He was assisted by the 15 members council and the council was completely a advisory body.
The Act abolished the double government system of the Board of control and Court of Directors.

भारतीय सरकार अधिनियम 1858

अधिनियम 1857 के विद्रोह के बाद पारित किया गया था। अधिनियम को "भारत की अच्छी सरकार का अधिनियम" भी कहा जाता है।

अधिनियम ने ईस्ट इंडिया कंपनी की सभी शक्तियों को समाप्त कर दिया और सभी शक्तियों को ब्रिटिश क्राउन में स्थानांतरित कर दिया गया।

लॉर्ड कैनिंग ने इलाहाबाद में ब्रिटिश क्राउन को शक्तियों के हस्तांतरण की घोषणा पढ़ी।

भारत सरकार अधिनियम 1858 की महत्वपूर्ण विशेषताएं

इस अधिनियम ने 'डॉक्ट्रिन ऑफ लैप्स' को समाप्त कर दिया था। अब अंग्रेज रियासतों के आंतरिक मामलों में दखल नहीं देंगे।
भारत का गवर्नर जनरल भारत का वायसराय बना। लॉर्ड कैनिंग भारत के पहले वायसराय थे।
वायसराय ब्रिटिश क्राउन के प्रति उत्तरदायी था।
राज्य सचिव के नए पद का गठन किया गया। वह ब्रिटिश कैबिनेट के सदस्य थे। वह ब्रिटिश संसद के प्रति उत्तरदायी है। उन्हें 15 सदस्यीय परिषद द्वारा सहायता प्रदान की गई थी और परिषद पूरी तरह से एक सलाहकार निकाय थी।
इस अधिनियम ने बोर्ड ऑफ कंट्रोल और कोर्ट ऑफ डायरेक्टर्स की दोहरी सरकारी प्रणाली को समाप्त कर दिया।

Monday, March 21, 2022

THE CHARTER ACT OF 1833 AND THE CHARTER ACT OF 1853

THE CHARTER ACT 1833

The Act Authorized the Governor General of Bengal as the Governor General of India and empower him all the Civil and Military order. Lord William Bentick was the 1st Governor General of India.
The Act separated the Governors of Bombay and Madras to their legislative powers. Now the Legislative powers came into the hand of Governor General of India.
The Law made in the Previous Acts were called as Regulations and Laws made under this Act were called Acts.
Now the company became mere a Administrative body. It was deprived from Its commercial activities.

चार्टर अधिनियम 1833

अधिनियम ने बंगाल के गवर्नर जनरल को भारत के गवर्नर जनरल के रूप में अधिकृत किया और उन्हें सभी नागरिक और सैन्य आदेश दिए। लॉर्ड विलियम बेंटिक भारत के पहले गवर्नर जनरल थे।
अधिनियम ने बॉम्बे और मद्रास के राज्यपालों को उनकी विधायी शक्तियों से अलग कर दिया। अब विधायी शक्तियाँ भारत के गवर्नर जनरल के हाथ में आ गईं।
पिछले अधिनियमों में बनाए गए कानून को विनियम कहा जाता था और इस अधिनियम के तहत बनाए गए कानूनों को अधिनियम कहा जाता था।
अब कंपनी केवल एक प्रशासनिक निकाय बन गई। यह अपनी व्यावसायिक गतिविधियों से वंचित था।

THE CHARTER ACT OF 1853

The Act divided the legislative and executive powers of the Governor General's Council. It also added six new members in the Council.
The Act established an open competition exam of selection of Civil services. It was recommended by the Lord Macaulay Committee in 1854.
The Act extended the company's rule for unspecific time . It was cleared that company's Rule could be ended any time.
The Act spaced, for the first time, for local representatives in the Indian central council.

1853 का चार्टर अधिनियम

इस अधिनियम ने गवर्नर जनरल की परिषद की विधायी और कार्यकारी शक्तियों को विभाजित किया। इसने परिषद में छह नए सदस्यों को भी जोड़ा।
अधिनियम ने सिविल सेवाओं के चयन की एक खुली प्रतियोगिता परीक्षा की स्थापना की। लॉर्ड मैकाले समिति ने 1854 में इसकी सिफारिश की थी।
अधिनियम ने कंपनी के नियम को अनिश्चित समय के लिए बढ़ा दिया। यह साफ हो गया कि कंपनी का नियम कभी भी खत्म किया जा सकता है।
अधिनियम पहली बार, भारतीय केंद्रीय परिषद में स्थानीय प्रतिनिधियों के लिए स्थान दिया गया।

Sunday, March 20, 2022

CHARTER ACT OF 1793

THE CHARTER ACT 1793

The British Parliament had passed four Charter Act with the gap of every 20 years in 1793, 1813, 1833 and 1853

THE CHARTER ACT 1793

It was the 1st Act of 4 Charter Acts

Important Features of the Act

The Act gave monopoly of 20 years to the Company
The Act gave the power to Governor General of Bengal over the Subordinate presidency of Bombay and Madras
All expenses and salaries of the Board of Control to be charged on Indian Revenues.
It debarred the Commander-in-chief as a member of Governor General's Council unless he was so appointed.

ब्रिटिश संसद ने 1793, 1813, 1833 और 1853 में प्रत्येक 20 वर्षों के अंतराल के साथ चार चार्टर अधिनियम पारित किए थे

चार्टर अधिनियम 1793

यह 4 चार्टर अधिनियमों का पहला अधिनियम था

अधिनियम की महत्वपूर्ण विशेषताएं

अधिनियम ने कंपनी को 20 वर्षों का एकाधिकार दिया
इस अधिनियम ने बंगाल के गवर्नर जनरल को बॉम्बे और मद्रास के अधीनस्थ प्रेसीडेंसी पर अधिकार दिया
भारतीय राजस्व पर प्रभारित किए जाने वाले नियंत्रण बोर्ड के सभी खर्च और वेतन।
इसने कमांडर-इन-चीफ को गवर्नर जनरल की परिषद के सदस्य के रूप में तब तक प्रतिबंधित कर दिया जब तक कि उसे नियुक्त नहीं किया गया।

Charter Act of 1813

The Act abolished the monopoly of company on Indian trade. except trade with china and trade in Tea
The Act asserted the sovereignty of British crown over the Company's territories in India.
The Act permitted the Christian missionaries to come to India and preach their religion.
A sum of 1 lakh granted annually for education in India.
The Act powered the local governments in India to impose taxes.

1813 का चार्टर अधिनियम

इस अधिनियम ने भारतीय व्यापार पर कंपनी के एकाधिकार को समाप्त कर दिया। चीन के साथ व्यापार और चाय के व्यापार को छोड़कर
इस अधिनियम ने भारत में कंपनी के क्षेत्रों पर ब्रिटिश ताज की संप्रभुता पर जोर दिया।
अधिनियम ने ईसाई मिशनरियों को भारत आने और अपने धर्म का प्रचार करने की अनुमति दी।
भारत में शिक्षा के लिए सालाना 1 लाख की राशि दी जाती है।
इस अधिनियम ने भारत में स्थानीय सरकारों को कर लगाने का अधिकार दिया।

Saturday, March 19, 2022

PITTS INDIA ACT OF 1784

PITT'S INDIA ACT OF 1784

The Act was named after then the Prime Minister of Britain, William Pitt

Important Features of Pitt's India Act 1784

The Act divided the Company's Power in Commercial and Political functions
A new body was created to deal with Political affairs of the Company was Board of Control. Also it allowed the Court of Directors to Manage the commercial affairs.
The Company's territories were now called British possessions in India.
The British Government was given dominate over company's affairs and administration in India.
The Governor General's Council was reduced to 3 members.

ACT OF 1786

Lord Cornwallis became to the Governor General of Bengal in 1786 and demanded

He wanted power to override the decision of his council in some cases.
He would play the role of Commander-in-chief.

Thursday, March 17, 2022

THE REGULATING ACT 1773

THE REGULATING ACT 1773

It was the 1st Act passed by the British Parliament to control the East India Company's territories in India.

The Act was passed in June 1773.

It was the 1st Act to regulate the East India Company by British Governement.

Features of Regulating Act 1773

It made the governors of Bombay and Madras subordinate to the governor of Bengal.
It changed the designation of Governor of Bengal to Governor General of Bengal and formed a executive council of four members.
It established the Supreme Court at Calcutta in 1774. Lord Impley was the 1st Chief Justice of Supreme Court of Calcutta
It banned the servants of the company from any private trade and accepting gifts and bribes from any Natives.
The Court of Directors controlled the Company's affairs of revenue, Civil and military in India

Amendment of Regulating Act 1773

Act of Settlement 1781

The Act exempted the Governor General of the Council from the Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court from their official order.
The Act provides Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court over inhabitants of Calcutta.
It designated the Governor General of Bengal and his Council to frame regulations for the provincial courts.

Wednesday, March 16, 2022

The Prime Minister of India is a De-facto-executive ( real head of executive) head of the country. The post of Prime Minister in our constitution is adopted from the constitution of Britain. After Every general election of Lok Sabha, the Post of Prime Minster is created. He can be the member of either house LOKSABHA or RAJYA SABHA. He is appointed by the President of India. But the President does not appoint a person of his interest. The leader of largest effective majority party (perform in General Election of LOKSABHA) is appointed as the PRIME MINISTER.

A person can be appointed as the Prime Minister of India even if he is not a member of any house of the Parliament. But he can retain the PM for maximum 6 months. Within 6 months he must get the membership of any house of the Parliament.

Article 75 expresses that the Prime Minister is appointed by the President and the others ministers are also appointed by the President on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. The President appoints only that person as a minister which is recommended by the Prime Minister.

After appointment, The President administrates the Oath to him. The term of the PM is not fixed. He retains on the chair of the PM as long as he enjoys the majority support in the LokSabha.

When the resolution of NO CONFIDENCE MOTION passes against him, he must have to resign to his post. He can Resign his Post by submitting a resignation letter to President.

When he resigns to his Post the entire council of ministers automatically dissolve.

The salary and allowances of the PM are decided by the Parliament from time to time.

Functions of Prime Minister

The President appoints that person as minister which is recommended by the Prime Minister.

He can reshuffles various Portfolios among ministers.

He can ask to any minister to resign

He introduces to the President all the decisions taken by the Council of Ministers

He is the Chairman of the NITI AAYOG, NATIONAL INTEGRATION COUNCIL, INTER STATE COUNCIL, NATIONAL WATER RESOURCES etc.

LIST OF PRIME MINISTERS OF INIDA

S NO	PRIME MINISTER	TENURE
1	P JAWAHAR LAL NEHRU	1947-64
2	GULZARI LAL NANDA	1964
3	LAL BHADUR SHASTRI	1964-66
4	GULZARI LAL NANDA	1966
5	INDRA GANDHI	1966-77
6	MORARJI DESAI	1977-79
7	CHARAN SINGH	1979-80
8	INDRA GANDHI	1980-84
9	RAJIV GANDHI	1984-89
10	VP SINGH	1989-90
11	CHANDRA SHEKHAR	1990-91
12	PV NARSIMHA RAO	1991-96
13	ATAL BIHARI VAJPYEE	1996
14	HD DEVE GOWDA	1996-97
15	INDER KUMAR GUJRAL	1997-98
16	ATAL BIHARI VAJPYEE	1998-2004
17	Dr MANMOHAN SINGH	2004-14
18	NARENDER MODI	2014-till

Tuesday, March 15, 2022

FORESTS COVER OF PUNJAB 2021

FOREST SURVEY OF INDIA 2021

The India State of Forest Report (ISFR) 2021

The ISFR is the 17th biennial Report of India's Forests by the Forest Survey of India under the Ministry of Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC).

PUNJAB

Total area of PUNJAB : 50362 km square

Geographical Location : 29°33' north to 32°32' North

: 73°53' East to 76°56' East

Average Population Density 551 per square km

FORESTS COVER OF PUNJAB 2021

CLASS	AREA	% OF GA
VDF	11	0.02
MDF	793	1.58
OF	1043	2.07
TOTAL	1847	3.67
SCRUB	34	0.07

FOREST COVER OF PUNJAB 2019

CLASS	AREA
VDF	11
MDF	793
OF	1043
TOTAL	1847
SCRUB	34

VDF : VERY DENSE FOREST

MDF : MODERATE DENSE FOREST

OF : OPEN FOREST

GA : GEOGRAPHICAL AREA

AREA IN SQUARE KM

TREE COVER IN PUNJAB

Tree cover is defined as all tree patches of size less than 1ha occurring the recorded forest Area. Tree cover includes trees in all formations including scattered trees.

2019 assessment	2021 assessment	Change wrt 2019 assessment
1591	1138	-454

FOREST SURVEY OF PUNJAB 2021

FORESTS	TREES	TOTAL AREA
1847	1138	2985

TOP THREE DISTRICTS BY MOST FOREST COVER AREA

HOSHIARPUR ⫸ ROPAR ⫸ GURDASPUR

BOTTOM THREE DISTRICTS BY LEAST FOREST COVER AREA

FATEHGARH SAHIB , BARNALA , MOGA

PERCENTAGE WISE TOP 3 MOST FOREST COVER AREA DISTRICTS

HOSHIARPUR ⫸ ROPAR ⫸ MOHALI

PERCENTAGE WISE BOTTOM 3 LEAST FOREST COVER AREA DISTRICTS

FATEHGARH SAHIB , MOGA , JALANDHAR

Monday, March 14, 2022

THE BHAKRA DAM

THE BHAKRA DAM

The Dam is constructed on the Satluj river in Bhakra village, Bilaspur district Himachal Pradesh. The Dam is height of 226 metres. The reservoir, just behind the dam to store the water is Gobind Sagar Reservoir. It is third largest reservoir of India. The 1st Prime Minister of India Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru called it is "New Temple of resurgent India".

Construction of the Dam is started in 1948 and completed in 1963. The Dam is also a Hydropower Plant generator which gernates 1325 MV of power. The power is distributed among Chandigarh, Delhi, Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and Rajasthan.

The Dam is Managed by the Bhakra Beas Management Board (BBMB). It was constituted in 1966 for administration and maintence of the Dam.

Friday, March 11, 2022

COMMUNITY AND CONSERVATION RESERVES IN PUNJAB

COMMUNITY AND CONSERVATION RESERVE IN PUNJAB

PIC credited to IAS EASY

CONSERVATION RESERVES IN PUNJAB

1 RAKH SARAI AMANT KHAN CONSERVATION RESERVE

◾Notified in 2010

◾In TARNTARAN District

2. Ropar Wetland Conservation Reserve

3. Ranjit Sagar Dam Conservation Reserve : Pathankot

4.Beas River Conservation Reserve

COMMUNITIES RESERVE IN PUNJAB

1 LALWAN COMMUNITY RESERVE : Hoshiarpur

2. KESHOPUR CHHAMB COMMUNITY RESERVE : Gurdaspur

◾1st Community reserve of India

3. Panniwala-Gumjal-Haripura-Diwankhera Community Reserve:Fazilka

4. Siswan Community Reserve :SAS (MOHALI)

Sources 👇

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTS AND WILDLIFE PRESERVATION PUNJAB

Wednesday, March 9, 2022

ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA QUIZ

THE INDUS WATER TREATY

THE INDUS WATER TREATY

The treaty is subject of water sharing between India and Pakistan. The treaty includes three rivers :- Indus and its 2 tributaries (Jhelum and Chenab).

The Treaty was signed in Karachi in 19 September 1960. Then the Prime Minister of India was Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru and Prime Minister of Pakistan was Ayub Khan.

The Treaty gives the shares of water of three rivers (Indus, Jhelum and Chenab) 80% to Pakistan and 20% to India. The Treaty also gives the control on the water of the Rivers of Punjab, India (Ravi, Beas and Satluj).

The World Bank was the mediator of the Treaty between India and Pakistan.

HINDI TRASLATION

सिंधु जल संधि

यह संधि भारत और पाकिस्तान के बीच जल बंटवारे का विषय है। संधि में तीन नदियाँ शामिल हैं: सिंधु और इसकी 2 सहायक नदियाँ (झेलम और चिनाब)।

19 सितंबर 1960 में कराची में संधि पर हस्ताक्षर किए गए थे। तब भारत के प्रधान मंत्री पंडित जवाहर लाल नेहरू थे और पाकिस्तान के प्रधान मंत्री अयूब खान थे।

संधि तीन नदियों (सिंधु, झेलम और चिनाब) के पानी का हिस्सा पाकिस्तान को 80% और भारत को 20% देती है। संधि पंजाब, भारत की 3 नदियों (रावी, ब्यास और सतलुज) के पानी पर नियंत्रण भी देती है।

वर्ड बैंक भारत और पाकिस्तान के बीच संधि का मध्यस्थ था